Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a relentless scourge of the aging population, continues to perplex researchers and clinicians alike. This paper endeavors to unravel the intricate mechanisms underlying this neurodegenerative disease, tracing the path from amyloid plaques and tau tangles to the cascading neuroinflammation that heralds cognitive decline. This paper delves into the genetic underpinnings, spotlighting mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, and the enigmatic role of the APOE4 allele in tipping the scales towards disease onset. Current therapeutic strategies, ranging from acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to NMDA receptor antagonists, are meticulously reviewed, underscoring their limitations and potential. Beyond the conventional, This paper explores emerging frontiers in immunotherapy and gene therapy, each promising a new dawn in Alzheimer’s treatment. As standing on the precipice of these breakthroughs, the urgency to bridge the gap between mechanistic understanding and clinical application becomes palpable. This paper not only synthesizes current knowledge but also ignites a fervent hope for the future, where personalized, stage-specific interventions might finally tame this formidable foe.
