Sulfur dioxide (SO₂), which is mainly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, is one of the main causes of air quality deterioration on a global scale. Although its emissions have been significantly reduced in developed countries through the implementation of advanced desulfurization technologies and stringent environmental regulations, SO₂ emissions are still a major challenge in many developing countries. In this study, the CAS methodology was used to comprehensively analyze the major sources of SO₂, its hazards to human health and the environment, and the current management technologies and policies. It was found that the main sources of SO₂ include fossil fuel combustion, ore smelting, and other industrial processes. The environmental impacts of SO₂ include the generation of acid rain and the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), while the direct impacts on human health include respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. Existing treatment technologies such as flue gas desulphurization (FGD) are effective in reducing emissions, but costs and technology applicability vary widely between countries. This paper also explores future directions for SO₂ management, including the need for technological innovation and policy adjustments. The findings are important for the development of more targeted and cost-effective global SO₂ reduction strategies.
