Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria in modern society, and its resistance to antibiotics has led to the consideration of the abuse of antibiotics. It is necessary to find alternative bactericidal substances to reduce the use of antibiotics and kill E. coli efficiently. Graphene oxide (GO) composites have great potential in killing bacteria and other aspects. This study reviews the progress of graphene oxide composites in the adsorption and killing of E. coli, and concluded that graphene oxide/silver ion (GO-Ag) is the best choice for killing E. coli and reducing the spread of drug resistance genes.